Biphasic Properties of Bovine Cartilaginous Endplate

INTRODUCTION The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a fibrocartilaginous structure which contributes to flexibility and load support in the spine. It is divided into several regions which include the annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP) and cartilage endplate (CEP). The CEP is a thin hyaline cartilage layer on the surface of the vertebral body, covering both the NP and AF [1]. The endplate plays a significant role in the supply of nutrients to the IVD [2]. Degeneration of the IVD, a common cause of low back pain, is strongly related with the loss of nutrient supply and abnormal mechanical loading. Calcification and degeneration of the endplate strongly affect the nutrient supply delivered to the IVD [3]. Characterization of the cartilaginous endplate is crucial for understanding IVD degeneration mechanisms and forms the foundation for the development of disc replacements, as well as other therapeutic solutions to low back pain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine histological, biochemical, and biphasic mechanical properties of bovine cartilaginous endplates.